|
|||||||
|
|
|
![]() |
|
|
Strumenti |
|
|
#101 | |
|
Bannato
Iscritto dal: Jun 2005
Città: Milano
Messaggi: 146
|
Quote:
Le polemiche sul Che sono parte della campagna contro Cuba Intervista esclusiva a Orlando Borrego* “Stanno cercando di demolire la figura del Che tenendo conto che tra poco sarà il quarantesimo anniversario della morte… C’ è una campagna contro Cuba e contro il Che rappresentata dal tentativo maniacale di mettere il Che contro Fidel e Fidel contro il Che. Questa tesi, vorrebbe contrastare e negare la grande e strettissima relazione che c’era tra questi due esseri umani. Ultimamente ho saputo di una cosiddetta polemica che ritengo assai poco costruttiva, soprattutto perché innescata da persone che si definiscono progressiste….Mi piacerebbe che non si producessero questo tipo di diatribe perché con queste polemiche non facciamo altro che dare armi al nostro nemico”. La conversazione con Orlando Borrego demolisce molti dei tentativi di attaccare la Rivoluzione Cubana attraverso polemiche strumentali della destra ma anche della “sinistra”. In Italia, ma non solo in Italia, si è scatenata una polemica sulle opere e il pensiero di Che Guevara. L’impressione che se ne ricava è che sia una polemica diretta in realtà contro Cuba. C’è una polemica “da destra”, messa in campo dai vari Vargas Llosa etc. che descrive un Che ed una Rivoluzione Cubana come un gruppo di assassini o quasi. Ma c’è anche una polemica “di sinistra” – per certi versi più pericolosa – che cerca di mettere in contraddizione il Che e Fidel Castro sostenendo che il primo era “bravo” e il secondo no. In realtà ci sentiamo di affermare che Ernesto Che Guevara e Fidel Castro erano in simbiosi tra loro, avevano discussioni su varie questioni come tutti, ma hanno rappresentato, insieme a tanti altri, il progetto rivoluzionario cubano. Cosa ne pensi di queste polemiche? R: Negli ultimi mesi mi hanno riferito di una campagna di polemiche in corso in alcuni paesi latinoamericani, ma anche in Italia, che rientra nella campagna mediatica contro Cuba e che coinvolge anche la figura del Che. Questa campagna non è nuova. Stanno cercando di demolire la figura del Che tenendo conto che tra poco sarà il quarantesimo anniversario della morte. Nel caso dell’America Latina, questa campagna ha visto un articolo di Alvaro Vargas Llosa, figlio del più noto scrittore peruviano Mario Vargas Llosa, transitato come tanti altri dal campo progressista a quello reazionario e filo USA. L’articolo in questione è stato pubblicato in Italia dal Corriere della Sera . L’articolo in questione, prende spunto da un episodio avvenuto in un museo di New York dove Vargas Llosa ha incontrato un ragazzo che aveva una maglietta con l’effige del Che e il basco in testa. Vargas Llosa gli ha chiesto cos’è che ammirava nel Che e il ragazzo espose una decina di ragioni per cui ammirava il Che. A queste dieci motivazioni positive, Vargas Llosa ha replicato contestandole una per una e scatenando una vera e propria diffamazione del Che. E’ un articolo così infame che ho dovuto rispondere con un articolo uscito il 21 novembre su “Rebeliòn” con il titolo “Un bastardo allo scoperto” (2). In esso vengono documentate e demolire con prove convincenti tutte le infamie espresse da questo signore. Il suo è stato un articolo commissionato e pagato da qualcuna delle agenzie di intelligence statunitensi ed è parte della campagna in atto contro Cuba. C’è poi un altro aspetto della campagna contro Cuba e contro il Che rappresentata dal tentativo maniacale di mettere il Che contro Fidel e Fidel contro il Che. Questa tesi, vorrebbe contrastare e negare la grande e strettissima relazione che c’era tra questi due esseri umani. Non si fa alcun riferimento all’enorme mole di prove scritte che dimostra la grande amicizia tra i due. Uno dei personaggi che ha cercato sin dall’inizio di inventarsi un contrasto tra il Che e Fidel è Jorge Castaneda, ex ministro degli esteri messicano. A questo personaggio ho risposto in diverse occasioni. Scrissi un articolo su “Casa de las Americas” dove per la prima volta resi nota una lettera inedita del Che dopo che era andato via da Cuba e successiva alla famosa “Carta de espedida del Che” (la lettera di commiato del Che a Fidel, NdR) . In questa lettera il Che torna a sottolineare con forza la grande stima e amicizia per Fidel, una stima ideologica e politica. Con questo documento il sig. Castaneda fu smentito e azzittito pesantemente e decisamente. Mi è accaduto poi in alcuni viaggi in vari paesi del mondo di incontrare persone con le idee molto confuse sulle relazioni tra il Che e Fidel. Per i casi della vita, io sono un testimone oculare di questa relazione tra Fidel e il Che e quindi mi sono visto obbligato a spiegare come stavano le cose e a smentire tutte le infamie che molte volte disorientano le persone oneste e in buona fede, infamie che vengono diffuse da giornalisti che definisco salariati dell’imperialismo. E delle polemiche sul Che in Italia cosa ne pensi? Ho visitato l’Italia diverse volte ma sono alcuni anni che non vengo in Italia, per cui non dispongo di tutte le informazioni che ho su altri paesi che visito più frequentemente sia in America Latina che in Europa. Ho alcuni amici di fiducia in Italia che mi hanno riferito di alcune cose che accadono nel vostro paese. Ultimamente ho saputo di una cosiddetta polemica che ritengo assai poco costruttiva, soprattutto perché innescata da persone che si definiscono progressiste. Mi piacerebbe che non si producessero questo tipo di diatribe perché con queste polemiche non facciamo altro che dare armi al nostro nemico. Non sono affatto positive per chi si batte per un altro mondo possibile ed una società diversa. In questa polemica ho saputo che stata coinvolta anche la compagna Aleyda Guevara che per me è “Aleydita” perché a lei mi lega una relazione quasi familiare, praticamente la conosco da quando è nata. E’ una relazione che nasce dalla mia intima relazione con il Comandante Che Guevara e la sua famiglia. Per questa ragione mi ha dato molto fastidio il modo con cui è stata coinvolta in questa polemica. Mi hanno riferito che le sono stati messi in bocca riferimenti alla mia persona e quando li ho visti mi sono convinto che non erano veritieri. Ho esaminato insieme a lei quello che riportavano alcuni giornali italiani. Lei si è indignata ed ha smentito di aver detto quello cose. Per questo ha immediatamente inviato una lettera di smentita direttamente alla giornalista che aveva scritto quelle cose (3). Si parla molto di una raccolta di libri (I sette tomi) del Che, i quali contengono lettere e documenti che Guevara ti chiedeva di far circolare tra i compagni cubani affinché ne discutessero. Di cosa si tratta? Questa è una cosa che va spiegata molto bene. Quando il Che partì per il Congo, anche io come molti altri compagni – uomini e donne – desideravamo seguirlo in quel nuovo fronte di lotta. Ma in quel periodo ero stato appena nominato Ministro dell’Industria Zuccheriera (4) , prima ero Vice Ministro con il Che al Ministero dell’Industria. Chi ha influito su quella nomina è stato proprio Che Guevara. Ho spiegato in un recente libro - “ Che. El camino del fuego” – come avvenne questa mia designazione a ministro, che fu un bel po’ diversa da quelle usuali con cui si nomina un ministro. Fu molto “sui generis”, tipica del nostro socialismo tropicale. Il Che mi chiamò alle sei mattina e mi invitò a casa sua, mi aprì la porta di persona e disse “Buon giorno signor ministro!” rivelandomi di aver concluso a tarda notte un Consiglio dei Ministri. Pensavo che il Che dovesse recarsi all’estero per cui mi dovesse lasciare le sue incombenze di Ministro dell’Industria e invece mi disse che non doveva partire ma che nella notte mi avevano nominato Ministro dell’Industria Zuccheriera e mi invitò a fare colazione insieme. Io mi risentii un po’ perché non mi avevano consultato prima “Non sono mica una sedia o un tavolo che mi spostate così!” replicai. Il Che mi rispose con una risata, mi invitò a sedermi e a parlare di lavoro affermando ironico che “un posto da ministro non dispiace a nessuno”. Così è andata la mia nomina a ministro e cominciammo a discutere del lavoro che mi attendeva come Ministro dell’Industria Zuccheriera. Alcuni mesi dopo, nell’aprile del 1965, il Che partì per il Congo ed io volevo partire con lui, a causa di questo in quei mesi i nostri rapporti furono molto duri. Immediatamente dopo che partì, pensai di mettere insieme i documenti, le lettere e gli articoli che il Che aveva scritto quando stava a Cuba. Per un anno, con l’aiuto di due compagni – Oltuski e Carrero che è deceduto – mi sono dedicato a recuperare tutto il materiale scritto e registrato. Dopo un anno di lavoro vennero fuori sette libri compilati in modo molto artigianale perché non avevamo esperienza editoriale, poi decidemmo di stamparli. Venne fuori una cosa molto interessante dal punto di vista storico ma anche per me. Accadde una cosa strana. Un anno dopo la conclusione della campagna in Congo e mentre pensavo che il Che fosse ancora a Praga – ci eravamo scritti quando lui era là – venni informato che il Che era a Cuba. Mi mandò a prendere per portarmi nel posto dove stava. In quel momento il Che era a Cuba in forma del tutto clandestina ed era tornato su sollecitazione di Fidel. Questa – tra l’altro – è una prova in più della stretta relazione del Che con Fidel, il quale gli aveva mandato a dire che le condizioni di sicurezza migliori per preparare la campagna in Bolivia erano proprio a Cuba. Fidel ha sempre avuto una grande attenzione personale alle condizioni di sicurezza di Che Guevara. Quando incontrai il Che a Cuba, ebbi una sorpresa perché si presentò truccato e quasi irriconoscibile. Allora anche io gli feci una sorpresa e tirai fuori i sette libri che avevo stampato. La cosa gli piacque molto, vide i sette libri ma non sapeva ancora di cosa si trattasse. “Questa è la sua opera completa sulla Rivoluzione Cubana” gli dissi, lui fu molto contento e mi disse che “forse avevo fatto un buon pout pourrì”. Poi si è letto tutti e sette i libri e nel secondo incontro mi disse che pareva un lavoro ottimo per tutti i rivoluzionari dell’America Latina per valutare le cose buone e le cose cattive fatte della Rivoluzione Cubana. Fra gli altri segnalò che poteva essere utile a Lucio Lima, il leader rivoluzionario guatemalteco che poi morì. Questa in sintesi è la storia dei sette libri con tutte le opere del Che prima che partisse per il Congo. Alla luce del discorso tenuto da Fidel Castro all’università dell’Avana lo scorso 17 novembre (5) e dei processi in corso in America Latina- in modo particolare in Venezuela - sarebbe importante che la sinistra italiana potesse confrontarsi con te che hai vissuto tutto il processo della Rivoluzione Cubana. E’ possibile pensare ad una tua prossima visita in Italia? Ne sarei onorato. Sono un “vecchio” che ancora lavora molto. Al momento sono molto impegnato, potrei dire che sono “monopolizzato” da una una cosa che mi interessa molto e che è la Rivoluzione Bolivariana in Venezuela. Ho provato una grandissima soddisfazione per il trionfo del Presidente Chavez. Sono stato in Venezuela lo scorso anno per presentare il mio libro “Il Che: el camino del fuego” ed ho conosciuto personalmente Chavez. Dedico molto tempo al mio lavoro con il Venezuela perché la straordinaria relazione che esiste tra la Rivoluzione Bolivariana e quella Cubana e il prestigio di cui gode il Che in Venezuela, fanno sì che i compagni bolivariani diano un enorme valore al nostro mezzo secolo di indipendenza. Come tutti sanno, l’idea di Fidel non è mai stata quella di esportare la nostra esperienza in altri paesi né di suggerire quello che si deve fare in Venezuela o in un altro paese. Mai venezuelani mi hanno chiesto di aiutarli fraternamente e lo sto facendo con molto piacere. Sono andato a tenere conferenze e seminari, soprattutto nel campo della gestione delle imprese attraverso lo stile del Che ed ho degli impegni con loro per il prossimo anno, ma sono totalmente disponibile a venire in Italia per spiegare l’esperienza del Che. * Intervista effettuata da Mario Baldassarri per Radio Città Aperta fg |
|
|
|
|
|
#102 | |
|
Senior Member
Iscritto dal: Jul 2002
Città: Milano
Messaggi: 19148
|
Quote:
onestamente non so qual è la più antica democrazia del mondo. non so se in passato c'erano stati con una costituzione, elezioni ecc. sarei curioso, ma siamo OT ovviamente |
|
|
|
|
|
#103 | |
|
Bannato
Iscritto dal: Jun 2005
Città: Milano
Messaggi: 146
|
Quote:
Se uno vuole sapere cosa pensava il Che e cosa ha fatto, scritto di suo pugno, comprese le dconsiderazioni sulle esecuzioni post revoluciòn, se le va a leggere e non si fa un'idea su una frase presa da un discorso. Se dico che hanno ucciso il Papa, è una notizia. Se non dico che l'ha ucciso chessò, Andreotti, cambia valenza all'informazione. L'idea che mi sono fatto, aldilà dell'ammirazione per l'uomo fin da prima della revoluciòn, per il suo attivismo umanitario, è che dopo la rivoluzione ci sia stato qualche atteggiamento di onnipotenza, presto cancellato dal fatto che il Che, che non era uomo di potere, scese di nuovo in campo con la guerriglia, prima in Africa poi in Bolivia, dove fu catturato con la collusione del Partito Comunista Boliviano che lo abbandonò per paura. Perfino la fiaba che vorrebbe Castro il mandante è frutto delle lobby cubanoamerikane, perchè tutto è usato per insinuare colpe di Castro e demolirlo. Esiste la bellissima lettera che Castro lesse in pubblico scritta dal Che dopo la sua morte e che avrebbe dovuto rimanere segreta. Fu letta per fugare le ilazioni sulla colpevolezza del Che, che cmq nel suo diario in Bolivia rimarca l'autonomia della sua azione a cui Castro anzi era contrario per la sua pericolosità. Diciamo che a destra non esistono persone carismatiche come il Che, quindi si capisce l'invidia e perfino l'ammirazione trasversale. Difficile portare magliette di Nixon o Kissinger insomma. fg |
|
|
|
|
|
#104 | |
|
Bannato
Iscritto dal: Jun 2005
Città: Milano
Messaggi: 146
|
Quote:
Anche se la democrazia nacque in Atene e fu praticata a lungo. Certo con concetti diversi, embrionali. La democrazia prevede aspetti socialsiti di giustizia sociale e di liberalsocialismo che il liberismo non contempla, per questo i liberismi non possono essere classificati come democrazie di default. fg |
|
|
|
|
|
#105 | |
|
Bannato
Iscritto dal: Jun 2005
Città: Milano
Messaggi: 146
|
Quote:
Per avere un'idea leggi la mia firma, che poi ridiamo insieme. fg |
|
|
|
|
|
#106 |
|
Senior Member
Iscritto dal: Mar 2001
Città: PV Milano Nord
Messaggi: 3851
|
e chi glielo dice a lei?
![]()
__________________
"W la foca, che dio la benedoca"
poteva risolvere tutto la sinistra negli anni in cui ha governato e non l'ha fatto. O sono incapaci o sta bene anche a "loro" cosi. L'una o l'altra inutile scandalizzarsi.[plutus] |
|
|
|
|
#107 |
|
Bannato
Iscritto dal: Jun 2005
Città: Milano
Messaggi: 146
|
|
|
|
|
|
#108 | |
|
Senior Member
Iscritto dal: Jul 2002
Messaggi: 882
|
Quote:
Imparziale come chiedere a un mafioso di indagare su se stesso.
__________________
codice WII: 5517 3286 9221 9498 nickname: giovannino - da oltre 15 anni su hwupgrade! |
|
|
|
|
|
#109 |
|
Senior Member
Iscritto dal: Mar 2001
Città: PV Milano Nord
Messaggi: 3851
|
certo ch definire democratico lo stato + coloniale al mondo...(forse secondo solo all'impero romano) mi suona un po come un controsenso
__________________
"W la foca, che dio la benedoca"
poteva risolvere tutto la sinistra negli anni in cui ha governato e non l'ha fatto. O sono incapaci o sta bene anche a "loro" cosi. L'una o l'altra inutile scandalizzarsi.[plutus] |
|
|
|
|
#110 |
|
Junior Member
Iscritto dal: Apr 2007
Messaggi: 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
#111 | |
|
Bannato
Iscritto dal: Jun 2005
Città: Milano
Messaggi: 146
|
Quote:
Ma chiedere ad uno Yankee cosa ne pensa del Che è la setssa cosa. Ognuno si forma le opinioni sulle basi che crede più veritiere. Io Ortega, tu qualche difensore dei miliardari cubanoamerikani. fg |
|
|
|
|
|
#112 | |
|
Senior Member
Iscritto dal: Mar 2004
Città: palermo
Messaggi: 717
|
Quote:
|
|
|
|
|
|
#113 |
|
Bannato
Iscritto dal: Jun 2005
Città: Milano
Messaggi: 146
|
|
|
|
|
|
#114 | |
|
Senior Member
Iscritto dal: Sep 2002
Città: Vercelli
Messaggi: 1874
|
Quote:
E la faccina sta lì a dimostrarlo, come tu stesso insegni, ricordando spesso ad altri utenti la funzione degli "emoticons".
__________________
"Personalmente non ho nulla contro chi crede in un Dio, non importa quale. Sono contrario a chi pretende che il suo Dio sia l’autorità che gli permette di imporre delle restrizioni allo sviluppo e alla gioia dell’umanità" (Alexander S. Neill, «Summerhill», 1960). |
|
|
|
|
|
#115 |
|
Senior Member
Iscritto dal: Jan 2001
Città: Livorno
Messaggi: 1370
|
Suo messaggio alla Conferenza Tricontinentale:
http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1967/04/16.htm Che Guevara Internet Archive Message to the Tricontinental "Now is the time of the furnaces, and only light should be seen." Jose Marti Twenty-one years have already elapsed since the end of the last world conflagration; numerous publications, in every possible language, celebrate this event, symbolized by the defeat of Japan. There is a climate of apparent optimism in many areas of the different camps into which the world is divided. Twenty-one years without a world war, in these times of maximum confrontations, of violent clashes and sudden changes, appears to be a very high figure. However, without analyzing the practical results of this peace (poverty, degradation, increasingly larger exploitation of enormous sectors of humanity) for which all of us have stated that we are willing to fight, we would do well to inquire if this peace is real. It is not the purpose of these notes to detail the different conflicts of a local character that have been occurring since the surrender of Japan, neither do we intend to recount the numerous and increasing instances of civilian strife which have taken place during these years of apparent peace. It will be enough just to name, as an example against undue optimism, the wars of Korea and Vietnam. In the first one, after years of savage warfare, the Northern part of the country was submerged in the most terrible devastation known in the annals of modern warfare: riddled with bombs; without factories, schools or hospitals; with absolutely no shelter for housing ten million inhabitants. Under the discredited flag of the United Nations, dozens of countries under the military leadership of the United States participated in this war with the massive intervention of U.S. soldiers and the use, as cannon fodder, of the South Korean population that was enrolled. On the other side, the army and the people of Korea and the volunteers from the Peoples' Republic of China were furnished with supplies and advise by the Soviet military apparatus. The U.S. tested all sort of weapons of destruction, excluding the thermo-nuclear type, but including, on a limited scale bacteriological and chemical warfare. In Vietnam, the patriotic forces of that country have carried on an almost uninterrupted war against three imperialist powers: Japan, whose might suffered an almost vertical collapse after the bombs of Hiroshima and Nagasaki; France, who recovered from that defeated country its Indo-China colonies and ignored the promises it had made in harder times; and the United States, in this last phase of the struggle. There were limited confrontations in every continent although in our America, for a long time, there were only incipient liberation struggles and military coups d'etat until the Cuban revolution resounded the alert, signaling the importance of this region. This action attracted the wrath of the imperialists and Cuba was finally obliged to defend its coasts, first in Playa Giron, and again during the Missile Crisis. This last incident could have unleashed a war of incalculable proportions if a US-Soviet clash had occurred over the Cuban question. But, evidently, the focal point of all contradictions is at present the territory of the peninsula of Indo-China and the adjacent areas. Laos and Vietnam are torn by a civil war which has ceased being such by the entry into the conflict of U.S. imperialism with all its might, thus transforming the whole zone into a dangerous detonator ready at any moment to explode. In Vietnam the confrontation has assumed extremely acute character istics. It is not out intention, either, to chronicle this war. We shall simply remember and point out some milestones. In 1954, after the annihilating defeat of Dien-Bien-Phu, an agreement was signed at Geneva dividing the country into two separate zones; elections were to be held within a term of 18 months to determine who should govern Vietnam and how the country should be reunified. The U.S. did not sign this document and started maneuvering to substitute the emperor Bao-Dai, who was a French puppet, for a man more amiable to its purposes. This happened to be Ngo-Din-Diem, whose tragic end - that of an orange squeezed dry by imperialism — is well known by all. During the months following the agreement, optimism reigned supreme in the camp of the popular forces. The last pockets of the anti-French resistance were dismantled in the South of the country and they awaited the fulfillment of the Geneva agreements. But the patriots soon realized there would be no elections -unless the United States felt itself capable of imposing its will in the polls, which was practically impossible even resorting to all its fraudulent methods. Once again the fighting broke out in the South and gradually acquired full intensity. At present the U.S. army has increased to over half a million invaders while the puppet forces decrease in number and, above all, have totally lost their combativeness. Almost two years ago the United States started bombing systematically the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, in yet another attempt to overcome the belligerance [sicj of the South and impose, from a position of strength, a meeting at the conference table. At first, the bombardments were more or less isolated occurrences and were adorned with the mask of reprisals for alleged provocations from the North. Later on, as they increased in intensity and regularity, they became one gigantic attack carried out by the air force of the United States, day after day, for the purpose of destroying all vestiges of civilization in the Northern zone of the country. This is an episode of the infamously notorious "escalation". The material aspirations of the Yankee world have been fulfilled to a great extent, regardless of the unflinching defense of the Vietnamese anti-aircraft artillery, of the numerous planes shot down (over 1,700) and of the socialist countries aid in war supplies. There is a sad reality: Vietnam — a nation representing the aspirations, the hopes of a whole world of forgotten peoples — is tragically alone. This nation must endure the furious attacks of U.S. technology, with practically no possibility of reprisals in the South and only some of defense in the North — but always alone. The solidarity of all progressive forces of the world towards the people of Vietnam today is similar to the bitter irony of the plebeians coaxing on the gladiators in the Roman arena. It is not a matter of wishing success to the victim of aggression, but of sharing his fate; one must accompany him to his death or to victory. When we analyze the lonely situation of the Vietnamese people, we are overcome by anguish at this illogical moment of humanity. U.S. imperialism is guilty of aggression — its crimes are enormous and cover the whole world. We already know all that, gentlemen! But this guilt also applies to those who, when the time came for a definition, hesitated to make Vietnam an inviolable part of the socialist world; running, of course, the risks of a war on a global scale-but also forcing a decision upon imperialism. And the guilt also applies to those who maintain a war of abuse and snares — started quite some time ago by the representatives of the two greatest powers of the socialist camp. We must ask ourselves, seeking an honest answer: is Vietnam isolated, or is it not? Is it not maintaining a dangerous equilibrium between the two quarrelling powers? And what great people these are! What stoicism and courage! And what a lesson for the world is contained in this struggle! Not for a long time shall we be able to know if President Johnson ever seriously thought of bringing about some of the reforms needed by his people - to iron out the barbed class contradictions that grow each day with explosive power. The truth is that the improvements announced under the pompous title of the "Great Society" have dropped into the cesspool of Vietnam. The largest of all imperialist powers feels in its own guts the bleeding inflicted by a poor and underdeveloped country; its fabulous economy feels the strain of the war effort. Murder is ceasing to be the most convenient business for its monopolies. Defensive weapons, and never in adequate number, is all these extraordinary soldiers have - besides love for their homeland, their society, and unsurpassed courage. But imperialism is bogging down in Vietnam, is unable to find a way out and desperately seeks one that will overcome with dignity this dangerous situation in which it now finds itself. Furthermore, the Four Points put forward by the North and the Five Points of the South now corner imperialism, making the confrontation even more decisive. Everything indicate [sic] that peace, this unstable peace which bears that name for the sole reason that no worldwide conflagration has taken place, is again in danger of being destroyed by some irrevocable and unacceptable step taken by the United States. What role shall we, the exploited people of the world, play? The peoples of the three continents focus their attention on Vietnam and learn theIr lesson. Since imperialists blackmail humanity by threatening it with war, the wise reaction is not to fear war. The general tactics of the people should be to launch a constant and a firm attack in all fronts where the confrontation is taking place. In those places where this meager peace we have has been violated which is our duty? To liberate ourselves at any price. The world panorama is of great complexity. The struggle for liberation has not yet been undertaken by some countries of ancient Europe, sufficiently developed to realize the contradictions of capitalism, but weak to such a degree that they are unable either to follow imperialism or even to start on its own road. Their contradictions will reach an explosive stage during the forthcoming years-but their problems and, consequently, their own solutions are different from those of our dependent and economically underdeveloped countries. The fundamental field of imperialist exploitation comprises the three underdeveloped continents: America, Asia, and Africa. Every country has also its own characteristics, but each continent, as a whole, also presents a certain unity. Our Arnerica is integrated by a group of more or less homogeneous countries and in most parts of its territory U.S. monopolist capitals maintain an absolute supremacy. Puppet governments or, in the best of cases, weak and fearful local rulers, are incapable of contradicting orders from their Yankee master. The United States has nearly reached the climax of its political and economic domination; it could hardly advance much more; any change in the situation could bring about a setback. Their policy is to maintain that which has already been conquered. The line of action, at the present time, is limited to the brutal use of force with the purpose of thwarting the liberation movements, no matter of what type they might happen to be. The slogan "we will not allow another Cuba" hides the possibility of perpetrating aggressions without fear of reprisal, such as the one carried out against the Dominican Republic or before that the massacre in Panama — and the clear warning stating that Yankee troops are ready to intervene anywhere in America where the ruling regime may be altered, thus endangering their interests. This policy enjoys an almost absolute impunity: the OAS is a suitable mask, in spite of its unpopularity; the inefficiency of the UN is ridiculous as well as tragic; the armies of all American countries are ready to intervene in order to smash their peoples. The International of Crime and Treason has in fact been organized. On the other hand, the autochthonous bourgeoisies have lost all their capacity to oppose imperialism — if they ever had it — and they have become the last card in the pack. There are no other alternatives; either a socialist revolution or a make-believe revolution. Asia is a continent with many different characteristics. The struggle for liberation waged against a series of European colonial powers resulted in the establishment of more or less progressive governments, whose ulterior evolution have brought about, in some cases, the deepening of the primary objectives of national liberation and in others, a setback towards the adoption of pro-imperialist positions. From the economic point of view, the United States had very little to lose and much to gain from Asia. These changes benefited its interests; the struggle for the overthrow of other neocolonial powers and the penetration of new spheres of action in the economic field is carried out sometimes directly, occasionally through Japan. But there are special political conditions, particularly in Indo-China, which create in Asia certain characteristics of capital importance and play a decisive role in the entire U.S. military strategy. The imperialists encircle China through South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, South Vietnam and Thailand at least. This dual situation, a strategic interest as important as the military encirclement of the Peoples' Republic of China and the penetration of these great markets — which they do not dominate yet — turns Asia into one of the most explosive points of the world today, in spite of its apparent stability outside of the Vietnamese war zone. The Middle East, though it geographically belongs to this continent, has its own contradictions and is actively in ferment; it is impossible to foretell how far this cold war between Israel, backed by the imperialists, and the progressive countries of that zone will go. This is just another one of the volcanoes threatening eruption in the world today. Africa offers an almost virgin territory to the neocolonial invasion There have been changes which, to some extent, forced neocolonial powers to give up their former absolute prerogatives. But when these changes are carried out uninterruptedly, colonialism continues in the form of neocolonialism with similar effects as far as the economic situation is concerned. The United States had no colonies in this region but is now struggling to penetrate its partners' fiefs. It can be said that following the strategic plans of U.S. imperialism, Africa constitutes its long range reservoir; its present investments, though, are only important in the Union of South Africa and its penetration is beginning to be felt in the Congo, Nigeria and other countries where a violent rivalry with other imperialist powers is beginning to take place (in a pacific manner up to the present time). So far it does not have there great interests to defend except its pretended right to intervene in every spot of the world where its monopolies detect huge profits or the existence of large reserves of raw materials. All this past history justifies our concern regarding the possibilities of liberating the peoples within a long or a short period of time. If we stop to analyze Africa we shall observe that in the Portuguese colonies of Guinea, Mozambique and Angola the struggle is waged with relative intensity, with a concrete success in the first one and with variable success in the other two. We still witness in the Congo the dispute between Lumumba's successors and the old accomplices of Tshombe, a dispute which at the present time seems to favor the latter: those who have "pacified" a large area of the country for their own benefit — though the war is still latent. In Rhodesia we have a different problem: British imperialism used every means within its reach to place power in the hands of the white minority, who, at the present time, unlawfully holds it. The conflict, from the British point of view, is absolutely unofficial; this Western power, with its habitual diplomatic cleverness — also called hypocrisy in the strict sense of the word — presents a facade of displeasure before the measures adopted by the government of Ian Smith. Its crafty attitude is supported by some Commonwealth countries that follow it, but is attacked by a large group of countries belonging to Black Africa, whether they are or not servile economic lackeys of British imperialism. Should the rebellious efforts of these patriots succeed and this movement receive the effective support of neighboring African nations, the situation in Rhodesia may become extremely explosive. But for the moment all these problems are being discussed in harmless organizations such as the UN, the Commonwealth and the OAU. The social and political evolution of Africa does not lead us to expect a continental revolution. The liberation struggle against the Portuguese should end victoriously, but Portugal does not mean anything in the imperialist field. The confrontations of revolutionary importance are those which place at bay all the imperialist apparatus; this does not mean, however, that we should stop fighting for the liberation of the three Portuguese colonies and for the deepening of their revolutions. When the black masses of South Africa or Rhodesia start their authentic revolutionary struggle, a new era will dawn in Africa. Or when the impoverished masses of a nation rise up to rescue their right to a decent life from the hands of the ruling oligarchies. Up to now, army putsches follow one another; a group of officers succeeds another or substitute a ruler who no longer serves their caste interests or those of the powers who covertly manage him — but there are no great popular upheavals. In the Congo these characteristics appeared briefly, generated by the memory of Lumumba, but they have been losing strength in the last few months. In Asia, as we have seen, the situation is explosive. The points of friction are not only Vietnam and Laos, where there is fighting; such a point is also Cambodia, where at any time a direct U.S. aggression may start, Thailand, Malaya, and, of course, Indonesia, where we can not assume that the last word has been said, regardless of the annihilation of the Communist Party in that country when the reactionaries took over. And also, naturally, the Middle East. In Latin America the armed struggle is going on in Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela and Bolivia; the first uprisings are cropping up in Brazil [sic]. There are also some resistance focuses which appear and then are extinguished. But almost all the countries of this continent are ripe for a type of struggle that, in order to achieve victory, can not be content with anything less than establishing a government of socialist tendencies. In this continent practically only one tongue is spoken (with the exception of Brazil, with whose people, those who speak Spanish can easily make themselves understood, owing to the great similarity of both languages). There is also such a great similarity between the classes in these countries, that they have attained identification among themselves of an international americano type, much more complete than in the other continents. Language, habits, religion, a common foreign master, unite them. The degree and the form of exploitation are similar for both the exploiters and the men they exploit in the majority of the countries of Our America. And rebellion is ripening swiftly in it. We may ask ourselves: how shall this rebellion flourish? What type will it be? We have maintained for quite some time now that, owing to the similarity of their characteristics, the struggle in Our America will achieve in due course, continental proportions. It shall be the scene of many great battles fought for the liberation of humanity. Within the frame of this struggle of continental scale, the battles which are now taking place are only episodes — but they have already furnished their martyrs, they shall figure in the history of Our America as having given their necessary blood in this last stage of the fight for the total freedom of man. These names will include Comandante Turcios Lima, padre Camilo Torres, Comandante Fabricio Ojeda, Comandantes Lobaton and Luis de la Puente Uceda, all outstanding figures in the revolutionary movements of Guatemala, Colombia, Venezuela and Peru. But the active movement of the people creates its new leaders; Cesar Montes and Yon Sosa raise up their flag in Guatemala; Fabio Vazquez and Marulanda in Colombia; Douglas Bravo in the Western part of the country and Americo Martin in El Bachiller, both directing their respective Venezuelan fronts. New uprisings shall take place in these and other countries of Our America, as it has already happened in Bolivia, and they shall continue to grow in the midst of all the hardships inherent to this dangerous profession of being modern revolutionaries. Many shall perish, victims of their errors, others shall fall in the touch battle that approaches; new fighters and new leaders shall appear in the warmth of the revolutionary struggle. The people shall create their warriors and leaders in the selective framework of the war itself - and Yankee agents of repression shall increase. Today there are military aids in all the countries where armed struggle is growing; the Peruvian army apparently carried out a successful action against the revolutionaries in that country, an army also trained and advised by the Yankees. But if the focuses of war grow with sufficient political and military insight, they shall become practically invincible and shall force the Yankees to send reinforcements. In Peru itself many new figures, practically unknown, are now reorganizing the guerrilla. Little by little, the obsolete weapons, which are sufficient for the repression of small armed bands, will be exchanged for modern armaments and the U.S. military aids will be substituted by actual fighters until, at a given moment, they are forced to send increasingly greater number of regular troops to ensure the relative stability of a government whose national puppet army is desintegrating before the impetuous attacks of the guerrillas. It is the road of Vietnam it is the road that should be followed by the people; it is the road that will be followed in Our America, with the advantage that the armed groups could create Coordinating Councils to embarrass the repressive forces of Yankee imperialism and accelerate the revolutionary triumph. America, a forgotten continent in the last liberation struggles, is now beginning to make itself heard through the Tricontinental and, in the voice of the vanguard of its peoples, the Cuban Revolution, will today have a task of much greater relevance: creating a Second or a Third Vietnam, or the Second and Third Vietnam of the world. We must bear in mind that imperialism is a world system, the last stage of capitalism — and it must be defeated in a world confrontation. The strategic end of this struggle should be the destruction of imperialism. Our share, the responsibility of the exploited and underdeveloped of the world is to eliminate the foundations of imperialism: our oppressed nations, from where they extract capitals, raw materials, technicians and cheap labor, and to which they export new capitals — instruments of domination — arms and all kinds of articles; thus submerging us in an absolute dependance [sic]. The fundamental element of this strategic end shall be the real liberation of all people, a liberation that will be brought about through armed struggle in most cases and which shall be, in Our America, almost indefectibly, a Socialist Revolution. While envisaging the destruction of imperialism, it is necessary to identify its head, which is no other than the United States of America. We must carry out a general task with the tactical purpose of getting the enemy out of its natural environment, forcing him to fight in regions where his own life and habits will clash with the existing reality. We must not underrate our adversary; the U.S. soldier has technical capacity and is backed by weapons and resources of such magnitude that render him frightful. He lacks the essential ideologic motivation which his bitterest enemies of today — the Vietnamese soldiers — have in the highest degree. We will only be able to overcome that army by undermining their morale — and this is accomplished by defeating it and causing it repeated sufferings. But this brief outline of victories carries within itself the immense sacrifice of the people, sacrifices that should be demanded beginning today, in plain daylight, and which perhaps may be less painful than those we would have to endure if we constantly avoided battle in an attempt to have others pull our chestnuts out of the fire. It is probable, of course, that the last liberated country shall accomplish this without an armed struggle and the sufferings of a long and cruel war against the imperialists — this they might avoid. But perhaps it will be impossible to avoid this struggle or its effects in a global conflagration; the suffering would be the same, or perhaps even greater. We cannot foresee the future, but we should never give in to the defeatist temptation of being the vanguard of a nation which yearns for freedom, but abhors the struggle it entails and awaits its freedom as a crumb of victory. It is absolutely just to avoid all useless sacrifices. Therefore, it is so important to clear up the real possibilities that dependent America may have of liberating itself through pacific means. For us, the solution to this question is quite clear: the present moment may or may not be the proper one for starting the struggle, but we cannot harbor any illusions, and we have no right to do so, that freedom can be obtained without fighting. And these battles shall not be mere street fights with stones against tear-gas bombs, or of pacific general strikes; neither shall it be the battle of a furious people destroying in two or three days the repressive scaffolds of the ruling oligarchies; the struggle shall be long, harsh, and its front shall be in the guerrilla's refuge, in the cities, in the homes of the fighters - where the repressive forces shall go seeking easy victims among their families — in the massacred rural population, in the villages or cities destroyed by the bombardments of the enemy. They are pushing us into this struggle; there is no alternative: we must prepare it and we must decide to undertake it. The beginnings will not be easy; they shall be extremely difficult. All the oligarchies' powers of repression, all their capacity for brutality and demagoguery will be placed at the service of their cause. Our mission, in the first hour, shall be to survive; later, we shall follow the perennial example of the guerrilla, carrying out armed propaganda (in the Vietnamese sense, that is, the bullets of propaganda, of the battles won or lost — but fought — against the enemy). The great lesson of the invincibility of the guerrillas taking root in the dispossessed masses. The galvanizing of the national spirit, the preparation for harder tasks, for resisting even more violent repressions. Hatred as an element of the struggle; a relentless hatred of the enemy, impelling us over and beyond the natural limitations that man is heir to and transforming him into an effective, violent, selective and cold killing machine. Our soldiers must be thus; a people without hatred cannot vanquish a brutal enemy. We must carry the war into every corner the enemy happens to carry it: to his home, to his centers of entertainment; a total war. It is necessary to prevent him from having a moment of peace, a quiet moment outside his barracks or even inside; we must attack him wherever he may be; make him feel like a cornered beast wherever he may move. Then his moral fiber shall begin to decline. He will even become more beastly, but we shall notice how the signs of decadence begin to appear. And let us develop a true proletarian internationalism; with international proletarian armies; the flag under which we fight would be the sacred cause of redeeming humanity. To die under the flag of Vietnam, of Venezuela, of Guatemala, of Laos, of Guinea, of Colombia, of Bolivia, of Brazil — to name only a few scenes of today's armed struggle — would be equally glorious and desirable for an American, an Asian, an African, even a European. Each spilt drop of blood, in any country under whose flag one has not been born, is an experience passed on to those who survive, to be added later to the liberation struggle of his own country. And each nation liberated is a phase won in the battle for the liberation of one's own country. The time has come to settle our discrepancies and place everything at the service of our struggle. We all know great controversies rend the world now fighting for freedom; no one can hide it. We also know that they have reached such intensity and such bitterness that the possibility of dialogue and reconciliation seems extremely difficult, if not impossible. It is a useless task to search for means and ways to propitiate a dialogue which the hostile parties avoid. However, the enemy is there; it strikes every day, and threatens us with new blows and these blows will unite us, today, tomorrow, or the day after. Whoever understands this first, and prepares for this necessary union, shall have the people's gratitude. Owing to the virulence and the intransigence with which each cause is defended, we, the dispossessed, cannot take sides for one form or the other of these discrepancies, even though sometimes we coincide with the conten- tions of one party or the other, or in a greater measure with those of one part more than with those of the other. In time of war, the expression of current differences constitutes a weakness; but at this stage it is an illusion to attempt to settle them by means of words. History shall erode them or shall give them their true meaning. In our struggling world every discrepancy regarding tactics, the methods of action for the attainment of limited objectives should be analyzed with due respect to another man's opinions. Regarding our great strategic objective, the total destruction of imperialism by armed struggle, we should be uncompromising. Let us sum up our hopes for victory: total destruction of imperialism by eliminating its firmest bulwark: the oppression exercized by the United States of America. To carry out, as a tactical method, the peoples gradual liberation, one by one or in groups: driving the enemy into a difficult fight away from its own territory; dismantling all its sustenance bases, that is, its dependent territories. This means a long war. And, once more we repeat it, a cruel war. Let no one fool himself at the outstart and let no one hesitate to start out for fear of the consequences it may bring to his people. It is almost our sole hope for victory. We cannot elude the call of this hour. Vietnam is pointing it out with its endless lesson of heroism, its tragic and everyday lesson of struggle and death for the attainment of final victory. There, the imperialist soldiers endure the discomforts [sic] of those who, used to enjoying the U.S. standard of living, have to live in a hostile land with the insecurity of being unable to move without being aware of walking on enemy territory: death to those who dare take a step out of their fortified encampment. The permanent hostility of the entire population. All this has internal repercussion in the United States; propitiates the resurgence of an element which is being minimized in spite of its vigor by all imperialist forces: class struggle even within its own territory. How close we could look into a bright future should two, three or many Vietnams flourish throughout the world with their share of deaths and their immense tragedies, their everyday heroism and their repeated blows against imperialism, impelled to disperse its forces under the sudden attack and the increasing hatred of all peoples of the world! And if we were all capable of uniting to make our blows stronger and infallible and so increase the effectiveness of all kinds of support given to the struggling people — how great and close would that future be! If we, in a small point of the world map, are able to fulfill our duty and place at the disposal of this struggle whatever little of ourselves we are permitted to give: our lives, our sacrifice, and if some day we have to breathe our last breath on any land, already ours, sprinkled with our blood let it be known that we have measured the scope of our actions and that we only consider ourselves elements in the great army of the proletariat but that we are proud of having learned from the Cuban Revolution, and from its maximum leader, the great lesson emanating from his attitude in this part of the world: "What do the dangers or the sacrifices of a man or of a nation matter, when the destiny of humanity is at stake." Our every action is a battle cry against imperialism, and a battle hymn for the people's unity against the great enemy of mankind: the United States of America. Wherever death may surprise us, let it be welcome, provided that this, our battle cry, may have reached some receptive ear and another hand may be extended to wield our weapons and other men be ready to intone the funeral dirge with the staccato singing of the machine-guns and new battle cries of war and victory. Publisher: The Executive Secretariat of the Organization of the Solidarity of the Peoples of Africa, Asia, and Latin America (OSPAAAL), First Published: Havana, April 16, 1967. Online Version: Workers' Web, 1997. Che Guevara Internet Archive, 1999. Transcribed: Workers' Web ASCII Pamphlet Project HTML Markup: Workers' Web and Jorge Navas Alejo Guevara Works Archive Soddisfatto ? |
|
|
|
|
#116 | |
|
Senior Member
Iscritto dal: Jul 2002
Città: Milano
Messaggi: 19148
|
Quote:
quando alle magliette di Kissinger e Nixon mica sono fotogenici come il Che |
|
|
|
|
|
#117 | |
|
Senior Member
Iscritto dal: Mar 2001
Città: PV Milano Nord
Messaggi: 3851
|
Quote:
__________________
"W la foca, che dio la benedoca"
poteva risolvere tutto la sinistra negli anni in cui ha governato e non l'ha fatto. O sono incapaci o sta bene anche a "loro" cosi. L'una o l'altra inutile scandalizzarsi.[plutus] |
|
|
|
|
|
#118 |
|
Senior Member
Iscritto dal: Jul 2002
Messaggi: 882
|
Fabio Greggio, di decine di siti ne posso postare anche io. Vuoi fare a gara?
O quanto appena riportato qua sopra da Das ti è sufficiente? Sì anche quanto riportato arriva dalla congiura mondiale anti-cubana che passa attraverso la delegittimazione del Che. Certo. Io difendo la libertà di pensiero e la verità storica, tu difendi un assassino.
__________________
codice WII: 5517 3286 9221 9498 nickname: giovannino - da oltre 15 anni su hwupgrade! |
|
|
|
|
#119 | |
|
Senior Member
Iscritto dal: Sep 2002
Città: Vercelli
Messaggi: 1874
|
Quote:
Ma forse volevi scrivere: "la bellissima lettera scritta dal Che, che Castro lesse in pubblico dopo la sua morte." Scusa, non ho resistito.
__________________
"Personalmente non ho nulla contro chi crede in un Dio, non importa quale. Sono contrario a chi pretende che il suo Dio sia l’autorità che gli permette di imporre delle restrizioni allo sviluppo e alla gioia dell’umanità" (Alexander S. Neill, «Summerhill», 1960). |
|
|
|
|
|
#120 |
|
Senior Member
Iscritto dal: Jul 2002
Messaggi: 882
|
ibis redibis non perieris in bello
__________________
codice WII: 5517 3286 9221 9498 nickname: giovannino - da oltre 15 anni su hwupgrade! |
|
|
|
| Strumenti | |
|
|
Tutti gli orari sono GMT +1. Ora sono le: 09:59.




















