gprsman
09-06-2004, 09:57
Salve sono un neofita di linux da 2 settimane ho installato mandrake 9.1 con kernel 2.24.21,devo far riconoscere il mio adattatore irda usb della sigmatel stir4200(penso sia il chip)perchè su windows viene riconosciuto irwave 520u.
Facebdo dmesg nel log mancano i driver che ho reperito su tuxomobil che sono stir4200.tgz o stir4200.tgz.old,ma non so installarli ma solo scompattare,all'interno ci sono 3 file di cui 1 da le seguenti istruzioni(ma io non c'ho capito quasi nulla:The first thing I'd suggest is to vary the tx_power and
rx_sensitivity parameters to the stir4200 kernel module.
Considering that the devices appear to be interoperable to
some extent, this really looks like a signal quality issue.
Also, you can try to vary the distance between the phone and
the dongle. About 6 inches to a foot is ideal -- closer
doesn't necessarily mean better signal quality. See if
either of these help.
After intalling the module, to try out these settings do:
insmod stir4200 rx_sensitivity=3 tx_power=2
rx_sensitivity, the seceiver sensitivity, varies from 0-7; 0
is most sensitive. tx_power, the transmitter power, varies
from 0-3, 0 is highest power.
The best settings depend on which physical transceiver is on your
particular str4100-based hardware. This is indeed why there is a
settable parameter. Unfortunately, there is no programmatic way
to detect what transceiver is attached. In fact, the only way
Windows gets this parameter correct is that the ".inf" in the
windows driver that was shipped with the dongle presumably had a
value correctly preset. Alas it's not in a form that I could
translate directly for you into sensitivity/power values.
Ho installato con insmod:irda,irtty,irda-usb poi irattach ttys1 e ircomm e facendo irdadump sembra che qualcosa vada mi da il log che cammina.eccovi il d mesg:[root@localhost root]# dmesg
Linux version 2.4.21-0.13mdk (flepied@bi.mandrakesoft.com) (gcc version 3.2.2 (M
andrake Linux 9.1 3.2.2-3mdk)) #1 Fri Mar 14 15:08:06 EST 2003
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
BIOS-e820: 0000000000000000 - 000000000009fc00 (usable)
BIOS-e820: 000000000009fc00 - 00000000000a0000 (reserved)
BIOS-e820: 00000000000e0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)
BIOS-e820: 0000000000100000 - 000000000f7f0000 (usable)
BIOS-e820: 000000000f7f0000 - 000000000f7f8000 (ACPI data)
BIOS-e820: 000000000f7f8000 - 000000000f800000 (ACPI NVS)
BIOS-e820: 00000000fff80000 - 0000000100000000 (reserved)
247MB LOWMEM available.
ACPI: have wakeup address 0xc0001000
On node 0 totalpages: 63472
zone(0): 4096 pages.
zone(1): 59376 pages.
zone(2): 0 pages.
Kernel command line: BOOT_IMAGE=linux ro root=305 devfs=mount acpi=off quiet
Local APIC disabled by BIOS -- reenabling.
Found and enabled local APIC!
Initializing CPU#0
Detected 1100.078 MHz processor.
Console: colour dummy device 80x25
Calibrating delay loop... 2195.45 BogoMIPS
Memory: 247728k/253888k available (1410k kernel code, 5772k reserved, 1118k data
, 136k init, 0k highmem)
Dentry cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
Inode cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Mount cache hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
Buffer-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
Page-cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
CPU: L1 I Cache: 64K (64 bytes/line), D cache 64K (64 bytes/line)
CPU: L2 Cache: 64K (64 bytes/line)
Intel machine check architecture supported.
Intel machine check reporting enabled on CPU#0.
CPU: After generic, caps: 0383fbff c1c7fbff 00000000 00000000
CPU: Common caps: 0383fbff c1c7fbff 00000000 00000000
CPU: AMD Duron(tm) stepping 00
Enabling fast FPU save and restore... done.
Enabling unmasked SIMD FPU exception support... done.
Checking 'hlt' instruction... OK.
POSIX conformance testing by UNIFIX
enabled ExtINT on CPU#0
ESR value before enabling vector: 00000000
ESR value after enabling vector: 00000000
Using local APIC timer interrupts.
calibrating APIC timer ...
..... CPU clock speed is 1100.1288 MHz.
..... host bus clock speed is 200.0235 MHz.
cpu: 0, clocks: 2000235, slice: 1000117
CPU0<T0:2000224,T1:1000096,D:11,S:1000117,C:2000235>
mtrr: v1.40 (20010327) Richard Gooch (rgooch@atnf.csiro.au)
mtrr: detected mtrr type: Intel
ACPI: Subsystem revision 20030122
ACPI: Disabled via command line (acpi=off)
PCI: PCI BIOS revision 2.10 entry at 0xfdb31, last bus=1
PCI: Using configuration type 1
PCI: Probing PCI hardware
PCI: ACPI tables contain no PCI IRQ routing entries
PCI: Probing PCI hardware (bus 00)
PCI: Using IRQ router VIA [1106/0686] at 00:07.0
Applying VIA southbridge workaround.
PCI: Disabling Via external APIC routing
isapnp: Scanning for PnP cards...
isapnp: No Plug & Play device found
Linux NET4.0 for Linux 2.4
Based upon Swansea University Computer Society NET3.039
Initializing RT netlink socket
apm: BIOS version 1.2 Flags 0x03 (Driver version 1.16)
Starting kswapd
VFS: Disk quotas vdquot_6.5.1
devfs: v1.12c (20020818) Richard Gooch (rgooch@atnf.csiro.au)
devfs: boot_options: 0x1
vesafb: framebuffer at 0xdf000000, mapped to 0xd0000000, size 8192k
vesafb: mode is 800x600x16, linelength=1600, pages=7
vesafb: protected mode interface info at c000:675e
vesafb: scrolling: redraw
vesafb: directcolor: size=0:5:6:5, shift=0:11:5:0
Looking for splash picture.... found (800x600, 25593 bytes).
Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 80x16
fb0: VESA VGA frame buffer device
pty: 256 Unix98 ptys configured
Serial driver version 5.05c (2001-07-08) with HUB-6 MANY_PORTS MULTIPORT SHARE_I
RQ SERIAL_PCI ISAPNP enabled
ttyS00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A
ttyS01 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a 16550A
RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 32000K size 1024 blocksize
Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00beta-2.4
ide: Assuming 33MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
VP_IDE: IDE controller at PCI slot 00:07.1
VP_IDE: chipset revision 6
VP_IDE: not 100% native mode: will probe irqs later
ide: Assuming 33MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
VP_IDE: VIA vt82c686b (rev 40) IDE UDMA100 controller on pci00:07.1
ide0: BM-DMA at 0xff00-0xff07, BIOS settings: hda:DMA, hdb:pio
ide1: BM-DMA at 0xff08-0xff0f, BIOS settings: hdc:DMA, hdd:pio
hda: ST340810A, ATA DISK drive
hda: DMA disabled
blk: queue c03cb420, I/O limit 4095Mb (mask 0xffffffff)
hdc: LG CD-ROM CRD-8521B, ATAPI CD/DVD-ROM drive
hdc: DMA disabled
ide0 at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14
ide1 at 0x170-0x177,0x376 on irq 15
hda: host protected area => 1
hda: 78165360 sectors (40021 MB) w/2048KiB Cache, CHS=4865/255/63, UDMA(100)
Partition check:
/dev/ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0: p1 p2 < p5 p6 p7 p8 >
md: md driver 0.90.0 MAX_MD_DEVS=256, MD_SB_DISKS=27
md: Autodetecting RAID arrays.
md: autorun ...
md: ... autorun DONE.
NET4: Linux TCP/IP 1.0 for NET4.0
IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP, IGMP
IP: routing cache hash table of 2048 buckets, 16Kbytes
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 16384 bind 32768)
Linux IP multicast router 0.06 plus PIM-SM
NET4: Unix domain sockets 1.0/SMP for Linux NET4.0.
RAMDISK: Compressed image found at block 0
Freeing initrd memory: 48k freed
VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem).
Mounted devfs on /dev
Mounted devfs on /dev
Freeing unused kernel memory: 136k freed
Real Time Clock Driver v1.10e
usb.c: registered new driver usbdevfs
usb.c: registered new driver hub
usb-uhci.c: $Revision: 1.275 $ time 15:32:56 Mar 14 2003
usb-uhci.c: High bandwidth mode enabled
PCI: Found IRQ 5 for device 00:07.3
PCI: Sharing IRQ 5 with 00:07.2
usb-uhci.c: USB UHCI at I/O 0xd000, IRQ 5
usb-uhci.c: Detected 2 ports
usb.c: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
hub.c: USB hub found
hub.c: 2 ports detected
PCI: Found IRQ 5 for device 00:07.2
PCI: Sharing IRQ 5 with 00:07.3
usb-uhci.c: USB UHCI at I/O 0xcc00, IRQ 5
usb-uhci.c: Detected 2 ports
usb.c: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 2
hub.c: USB hub found
hub.c: 2 ports detected
usb-uhci.c: v1.275:USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver
usbdevfs: remount parameter error
Adding Swap: 506008k swap-space (priority -1)
hub.c: new USB device 00:07.2-1, assigned address 2
usb-uhci.c: interrupt, status 2, frame# 542
usb.c: USB device not accepting new address=2 (error=-110)
hub.c: new USB device 00:07.2-1, assigned address 3
usb.c: USB device 3 (vend/prod 0x66f/0x4200) is not claimed by any active driver
.
Journalled Block Device driver loaded
kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3 FS 2.4-0.9.19, 19 August 2002 on ide0(3,7), internal journal
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
NTFS driver 2.1.1a [Flags: R/O MODULE].
NTFS volume version 3.1.
kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3 FS 2.4-0.9.19, 19 August 2002 on ide0(3,8), internal journal
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
inserting floppy driver for 2.4.21-0.13mdk
Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M
FDC 0 is a post-1991 82077
CSLIP: code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of California
PPP generic driver version 2.4.2
PCI: Found IRQ 10 for device 00:07.5
PCI: Sharing IRQ 10 with 00:0a.0
PCI: Setting latency timer of device 00:07.5 to 64
hdc: ATAPI 52X CD-ROM drive, 128kB Cache, DMA
Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.12
SCSI subsystem driver Revision: 1.00
Splash status on console 0 changed to off
spurious 8259A interrupt: IRQ7.
udf: registering filesystem
UDF-fs DEBUG lowlevel.c:65:udf_get_last_session: CDROMMULTISESSION not supported : rc=-22
UDF-fs DEBUG super.c:1426:udf_read_super: Multi-session=0
UDF-fs DEBUG super.c:415:udf_vrs: Starting at sector 16 (2048 byte sectors)
UDF-fs: No VRS found
Unable to identify CD-ROM format.
MSDOS FS: IO charset iso8859-15
MSDOS FS: Using codepage 850
PPP BSD Compression module registered
PPP Deflate Compression module registered
IrCOMM protocol (Dag Brattli)
IrDA: Registered device irda0
ide-floppy driver 0.99.newide
cdrom: open failed.
cdrom: open failed.
cdrom: open failed.
usb.c: registered new driver irda-usb
USB IrDA support registered
cdrom: open failed.
cdrom: open failed.
[root@localhost root]#
Devo collegare il mio siemen me45 col gprs(via cavo funziona).
Vi prego datemi una mano sto uscendo matto anzi lo sono.
Vi ringrazio fin d'ora.
:muro:
Facebdo dmesg nel log mancano i driver che ho reperito su tuxomobil che sono stir4200.tgz o stir4200.tgz.old,ma non so installarli ma solo scompattare,all'interno ci sono 3 file di cui 1 da le seguenti istruzioni(ma io non c'ho capito quasi nulla:The first thing I'd suggest is to vary the tx_power and
rx_sensitivity parameters to the stir4200 kernel module.
Considering that the devices appear to be interoperable to
some extent, this really looks like a signal quality issue.
Also, you can try to vary the distance between the phone and
the dongle. About 6 inches to a foot is ideal -- closer
doesn't necessarily mean better signal quality. See if
either of these help.
After intalling the module, to try out these settings do:
insmod stir4200 rx_sensitivity=3 tx_power=2
rx_sensitivity, the seceiver sensitivity, varies from 0-7; 0
is most sensitive. tx_power, the transmitter power, varies
from 0-3, 0 is highest power.
The best settings depend on which physical transceiver is on your
particular str4100-based hardware. This is indeed why there is a
settable parameter. Unfortunately, there is no programmatic way
to detect what transceiver is attached. In fact, the only way
Windows gets this parameter correct is that the ".inf" in the
windows driver that was shipped with the dongle presumably had a
value correctly preset. Alas it's not in a form that I could
translate directly for you into sensitivity/power values.
Ho installato con insmod:irda,irtty,irda-usb poi irattach ttys1 e ircomm e facendo irdadump sembra che qualcosa vada mi da il log che cammina.eccovi il d mesg:[root@localhost root]# dmesg
Linux version 2.4.21-0.13mdk (flepied@bi.mandrakesoft.com) (gcc version 3.2.2 (M
andrake Linux 9.1 3.2.2-3mdk)) #1 Fri Mar 14 15:08:06 EST 2003
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
BIOS-e820: 0000000000000000 - 000000000009fc00 (usable)
BIOS-e820: 000000000009fc00 - 00000000000a0000 (reserved)
BIOS-e820: 00000000000e0000 - 0000000000100000 (reserved)
BIOS-e820: 0000000000100000 - 000000000f7f0000 (usable)
BIOS-e820: 000000000f7f0000 - 000000000f7f8000 (ACPI data)
BIOS-e820: 000000000f7f8000 - 000000000f800000 (ACPI NVS)
BIOS-e820: 00000000fff80000 - 0000000100000000 (reserved)
247MB LOWMEM available.
ACPI: have wakeup address 0xc0001000
On node 0 totalpages: 63472
zone(0): 4096 pages.
zone(1): 59376 pages.
zone(2): 0 pages.
Kernel command line: BOOT_IMAGE=linux ro root=305 devfs=mount acpi=off quiet
Local APIC disabled by BIOS -- reenabling.
Found and enabled local APIC!
Initializing CPU#0
Detected 1100.078 MHz processor.
Console: colour dummy device 80x25
Calibrating delay loop... 2195.45 BogoMIPS
Memory: 247728k/253888k available (1410k kernel code, 5772k reserved, 1118k data
, 136k init, 0k highmem)
Dentry cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
Inode cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 5, 131072 bytes)
Mount cache hash table entries: 512 (order: 0, 4096 bytes)
Buffer-cache hash table entries: 16384 (order: 4, 65536 bytes)
Page-cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 6, 262144 bytes)
CPU: L1 I Cache: 64K (64 bytes/line), D cache 64K (64 bytes/line)
CPU: L2 Cache: 64K (64 bytes/line)
Intel machine check architecture supported.
Intel machine check reporting enabled on CPU#0.
CPU: After generic, caps: 0383fbff c1c7fbff 00000000 00000000
CPU: Common caps: 0383fbff c1c7fbff 00000000 00000000
CPU: AMD Duron(tm) stepping 00
Enabling fast FPU save and restore... done.
Enabling unmasked SIMD FPU exception support... done.
Checking 'hlt' instruction... OK.
POSIX conformance testing by UNIFIX
enabled ExtINT on CPU#0
ESR value before enabling vector: 00000000
ESR value after enabling vector: 00000000
Using local APIC timer interrupts.
calibrating APIC timer ...
..... CPU clock speed is 1100.1288 MHz.
..... host bus clock speed is 200.0235 MHz.
cpu: 0, clocks: 2000235, slice: 1000117
CPU0<T0:2000224,T1:1000096,D:11,S:1000117,C:2000235>
mtrr: v1.40 (20010327) Richard Gooch (rgooch@atnf.csiro.au)
mtrr: detected mtrr type: Intel
ACPI: Subsystem revision 20030122
ACPI: Disabled via command line (acpi=off)
PCI: PCI BIOS revision 2.10 entry at 0xfdb31, last bus=1
PCI: Using configuration type 1
PCI: Probing PCI hardware
PCI: ACPI tables contain no PCI IRQ routing entries
PCI: Probing PCI hardware (bus 00)
PCI: Using IRQ router VIA [1106/0686] at 00:07.0
Applying VIA southbridge workaround.
PCI: Disabling Via external APIC routing
isapnp: Scanning for PnP cards...
isapnp: No Plug & Play device found
Linux NET4.0 for Linux 2.4
Based upon Swansea University Computer Society NET3.039
Initializing RT netlink socket
apm: BIOS version 1.2 Flags 0x03 (Driver version 1.16)
Starting kswapd
VFS: Disk quotas vdquot_6.5.1
devfs: v1.12c (20020818) Richard Gooch (rgooch@atnf.csiro.au)
devfs: boot_options: 0x1
vesafb: framebuffer at 0xdf000000, mapped to 0xd0000000, size 8192k
vesafb: mode is 800x600x16, linelength=1600, pages=7
vesafb: protected mode interface info at c000:675e
vesafb: scrolling: redraw
vesafb: directcolor: size=0:5:6:5, shift=0:11:5:0
Looking for splash picture.... found (800x600, 25593 bytes).
Console: switching to colour frame buffer device 80x16
fb0: VESA VGA frame buffer device
pty: 256 Unix98 ptys configured
Serial driver version 5.05c (2001-07-08) with HUB-6 MANY_PORTS MULTIPORT SHARE_I
RQ SERIAL_PCI ISAPNP enabled
ttyS00 at 0x03f8 (irq = 4) is a 16550A
ttyS01 at 0x02f8 (irq = 3) is a 16550A
RAMDISK driver initialized: 16 RAM disks of 32000K size 1024 blocksize
Uniform Multi-Platform E-IDE driver Revision: 7.00beta-2.4
ide: Assuming 33MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
VP_IDE: IDE controller at PCI slot 00:07.1
VP_IDE: chipset revision 6
VP_IDE: not 100% native mode: will probe irqs later
ide: Assuming 33MHz system bus speed for PIO modes; override with idebus=xx
VP_IDE: VIA vt82c686b (rev 40) IDE UDMA100 controller on pci00:07.1
ide0: BM-DMA at 0xff00-0xff07, BIOS settings: hda:DMA, hdb:pio
ide1: BM-DMA at 0xff08-0xff0f, BIOS settings: hdc:DMA, hdd:pio
hda: ST340810A, ATA DISK drive
hda: DMA disabled
blk: queue c03cb420, I/O limit 4095Mb (mask 0xffffffff)
hdc: LG CD-ROM CRD-8521B, ATAPI CD/DVD-ROM drive
hdc: DMA disabled
ide0 at 0x1f0-0x1f7,0x3f6 on irq 14
ide1 at 0x170-0x177,0x376 on irq 15
hda: host protected area => 1
hda: 78165360 sectors (40021 MB) w/2048KiB Cache, CHS=4865/255/63, UDMA(100)
Partition check:
/dev/ide/host0/bus0/target0/lun0: p1 p2 < p5 p6 p7 p8 >
md: md driver 0.90.0 MAX_MD_DEVS=256, MD_SB_DISKS=27
md: Autodetecting RAID arrays.
md: autorun ...
md: ... autorun DONE.
NET4: Linux TCP/IP 1.0 for NET4.0
IP Protocols: ICMP, UDP, TCP, IGMP
IP: routing cache hash table of 2048 buckets, 16Kbytes
TCP: Hash tables configured (established 16384 bind 32768)
Linux IP multicast router 0.06 plus PIM-SM
NET4: Unix domain sockets 1.0/SMP for Linux NET4.0.
RAMDISK: Compressed image found at block 0
Freeing initrd memory: 48k freed
VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem).
Mounted devfs on /dev
Mounted devfs on /dev
Freeing unused kernel memory: 136k freed
Real Time Clock Driver v1.10e
usb.c: registered new driver usbdevfs
usb.c: registered new driver hub
usb-uhci.c: $Revision: 1.275 $ time 15:32:56 Mar 14 2003
usb-uhci.c: High bandwidth mode enabled
PCI: Found IRQ 5 for device 00:07.3
PCI: Sharing IRQ 5 with 00:07.2
usb-uhci.c: USB UHCI at I/O 0xd000, IRQ 5
usb-uhci.c: Detected 2 ports
usb.c: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 1
hub.c: USB hub found
hub.c: 2 ports detected
PCI: Found IRQ 5 for device 00:07.2
PCI: Sharing IRQ 5 with 00:07.3
usb-uhci.c: USB UHCI at I/O 0xcc00, IRQ 5
usb-uhci.c: Detected 2 ports
usb.c: new USB bus registered, assigned bus number 2
hub.c: USB hub found
hub.c: 2 ports detected
usb-uhci.c: v1.275:USB Universal Host Controller Interface driver
usbdevfs: remount parameter error
Adding Swap: 506008k swap-space (priority -1)
hub.c: new USB device 00:07.2-1, assigned address 2
usb-uhci.c: interrupt, status 2, frame# 542
usb.c: USB device not accepting new address=2 (error=-110)
hub.c: new USB device 00:07.2-1, assigned address 3
usb.c: USB device 3 (vend/prod 0x66f/0x4200) is not claimed by any active driver
.
Journalled Block Device driver loaded
kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3 FS 2.4-0.9.19, 19 August 2002 on ide0(3,7), internal journal
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
NTFS driver 2.1.1a [Flags: R/O MODULE].
NTFS volume version 3.1.
kjournald starting. Commit interval 5 seconds
EXT3 FS 2.4-0.9.19, 19 August 2002 on ide0(3,8), internal journal
EXT3-fs: mounted filesystem with ordered data mode.
inserting floppy driver for 2.4.21-0.13mdk
Floppy drive(s): fd0 is 1.44M
FDC 0 is a post-1991 82077
CSLIP: code copyright 1989 Regents of the University of California
PPP generic driver version 2.4.2
PCI: Found IRQ 10 for device 00:07.5
PCI: Sharing IRQ 10 with 00:0a.0
PCI: Setting latency timer of device 00:07.5 to 64
hdc: ATAPI 52X CD-ROM drive, 128kB Cache, DMA
Uniform CD-ROM driver Revision: 3.12
SCSI subsystem driver Revision: 1.00
Splash status on console 0 changed to off
spurious 8259A interrupt: IRQ7.
udf: registering filesystem
UDF-fs DEBUG lowlevel.c:65:udf_get_last_session: CDROMMULTISESSION not supported : rc=-22
UDF-fs DEBUG super.c:1426:udf_read_super: Multi-session=0
UDF-fs DEBUG super.c:415:udf_vrs: Starting at sector 16 (2048 byte sectors)
UDF-fs: No VRS found
Unable to identify CD-ROM format.
MSDOS FS: IO charset iso8859-15
MSDOS FS: Using codepage 850
PPP BSD Compression module registered
PPP Deflate Compression module registered
IrCOMM protocol (Dag Brattli)
IrDA: Registered device irda0
ide-floppy driver 0.99.newide
cdrom: open failed.
cdrom: open failed.
cdrom: open failed.
usb.c: registered new driver irda-usb
USB IrDA support registered
cdrom: open failed.
cdrom: open failed.
[root@localhost root]#
Devo collegare il mio siemen me45 col gprs(via cavo funziona).
Vi prego datemi una mano sto uscendo matto anzi lo sono.
Vi ringrazio fin d'ora.
:muro: