Rand
14-02-2009, 01:21
Si avvicina alla conclusione la selezione per quella che diventerà la missione "ammiraglia" (quelle più grosse e costose) verso i pianeti esterni della prossima decade.
In February 2008, ESA and NASA initiated joint studies of two alternatives for a highly capable scientific mission to the outer planets: the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) and the Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM). Joint Science Definition Teams (JSDTs) were formed with U.S. and European membership to guide study activities that were conducted collaboratively by engineering teams working on both sides of the Atlantic. The ESA contribution to this joint endeavor will be implemented as the Cosmic Vision Large-class (L1) mission; the NASA contribution will be implemented as the Outer Planet Flagship Mission with a launch date in 2020. The agencies plan to reach a joint decision on the destination for the mission and announce the decision in February 2009.
La scelta avverrà tra due proposte:
- Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) (http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/europajupitersystemmissionejsm/)
La missione prevede una coppia di sonde: Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) della NASA e Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter (JGO) dell'ESA che esploreranno in modo congiunto il sistema gioviano per poi entrare in orbita intorno rispettivamente a Europa e Ganimede.
JGO:
http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/images/jgocraft1.jpg
Mission Overview
JGO launches in March 2020 on an Ariane 5 and, using a ballistic trajectory with Venus-Earth-Earth gravity assists (VEEGA), arrives at Jupiter in February 2026. Jupiter Orbit Insertion (JOI) begins a 11 month Jupiter science phase followed by a 13 month Callisto science phase and Ganymede Orbit Insertion (GOI) in May 2028. At Ganymede, both elliptical and circular orbit science phases will last about 9 months. The orbiter will ultimately impact the surface of Ganymede after running out of orbit maintenance fuel. Highlights of the science phases include:
* JOI into 13 x 245 RJ (Jupiter radii) elliptical orbit
* Sequence of swing-by’s at Ganymede and Callisto Callisto Science Phase (383 days): 19 Callisto flybys at altitude of 200 km using 1:1 and 2:3 resonant orbits, allowing for (quasi) global surface coverage
* Ganymede Orbit Insertion (GOI) into 200 x 6000 km elliptical orbit
* Ganymede elliptical orbit science phase (up to 80 days)
* Maneuver to reach a low altitude (200 km), circular, quasi-polar orbit
* Ganymede circular orbit science phase up to 180 days
* End of nominal mission after about 8.9 years in February 2029
Flight System Overview
The JGO flight system is comparable in size and complexity to other spacecraft for similar missions such as Rosetta or Mars Express. The concept would feature full redundancy for engineering functions, 3-axis stabilized pointing, Solar power with batteries for peak power management, bi-propellant chemical propulsion, a large high gain antenna (HGA), and X-band transponders for tracking, telemetry and Ka-band precision Doppler measurements. Radiation shielding will be used to reduce radiation levels for electronic components and assemblies.
System Mass
* Launch Mass Capability, 4362 kg
* Launch Vehicle Adapter, 190 kg
* Flight System Mass (CBE), 957 kg
* Propellant (for 3000 m/s), 2562 kg
* Remaining usable launch mass, 653 kg
(for contingency and system margin)
JEO:
http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/images/jeoscraft.jpg
Mission Overview
JEO launches in February 2020 on an Atlas V 551 and, using a ballistic trajectory with Venus-Earth-Earth gravity assists (VEEGA), arrives at Jupiter in December 2025. Jupiter Orbit Insertion (JOI) begins a 30 month Jovian system tour followed by a 9 month science mapping phase after Europa Orbit Insertion (EOI) in July 2028. The orbiter will ultimately impact the surface of Europa after succumbing to radiation damage or running out of orbit maintenance fuel. Highlights of the Jovian tour and Europa mapping phase include:
- Jovian Tour
* 4 Io encounters, including a volcanic plume flythrough!
* 6 Europa encounters before EOI
* 6 Ganymede encounters, extensively exploring Ganymede’s magnetosphere
* 9 Callisto encounters, at least one near-polar
* Continuous magnetospheric monitoring, regular monitoring of Io and Jupiter’s atmosphere
- Europa Mapping
* Circular 200 km altitude orbit
o 95° – 100° inclination
o 2 – 4 pm local solar time
* Transfer to 100 km orbit ~one month after EOI
Flight System Overview
The JEO flight system is comparable in size and complexity to other spacecraft for similar missions such as Cassini or MRO. The concept would feature full redundancy for engineering functions, 3-axis stabilized pointing, a radio-isotope power source (RPS) with batteries for peak power management, bi-propellant chemical propulsion, a large gimbaled high gain antenna (HGA), and X-band and Ka-band transponders for tracking, telemetry and precision Doppler measurements. Radiation hardened electronics would be used throughout with shielding used to further reduce radiation levels for electronic components and assemblies. Remote sensing instruments are mounted and aligned to accommodate continuous nadir pointing in the Europa science orbit.
System Mass
* Launch Mass Capability, 5040 kg
* Launch Vehicle Adapter, 123 kg
* Flight System Mass, 1367 kg
* Propellant (for 2260 m/s), 2646 kg
* Remaining usable launch mass, 973 kg (for contingency and system margin)
- Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM) (http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/titansaturnsystemmissiontssm/)
http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/files/missiontimelin800.jpg
La missione prevede un' unica sonda realizzata dalla NASA a cui vanno ad aggiungersi una mongolfiera e un lander dedicati all'esplorazione di Titano. Dopo un tour di 2 anni del sistema di lune di Saturno la sonda entrerà in orbita intorno a Titano grazie ad un aereofrenata nella sua atmosfera.
TSSM Orbiter:
http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/images/orbiterlarge600.jpg
The orbiter is a three-axis-stabilized spacecraft. The flight system includes an articulated 4 meter high gain antenna using 35-watt RF Ka-band traveling-wave-tube amplifiers for high-rate science data downlink. Accommodation is provided for the two in situ elements (the montgolfière and the lake lander) at attach points along the body of the spacecraft. Five radisotope power systems (either advanced Stirling radioisotope generators or multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generators) would power the spacecraft, providing about 540 watts of electrical power at end of mission. The launch mass of the flight system, including the full ESA in situ payload and contingency, is 6187 kilograms with respect to the Atlas V 551 capability of 6259 kilograms to the required launch energy.
Montgolfiere In Situ Element:
http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/images/titan-balloon-scene-300.jpg
ESA will provide the montgolfière hot air balloon for exploration of Titan from a nominal altitude of 10,000 meters. Buoyancy would be provided by the thermal output of an integral multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator, enabling the montgolfière to circle the globe over the course of its mission, drifting with Titan’s winds to provide atmospheric and surface science data.
* Balloon: 10.5 m diameter (~130 kg); heating by MMRTG
* Balloon to be provided by CNES
* Gondola: 144 kg, incl. 21.5 kg instrumentation
* Power generation by MMRTG (100 Wel)
* Floating altitude 10 km; only altitude control
* Prime mission 6 months (+6 months extended)
* At least one Titan circumnavigation
Lander In Situ Element:
http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/images/titanlander-lake-scene-300.jpg
ESA will provide the lake lander which will capture detailed atmospheric measurements during descent and surface analysis while floating on a Titan lake. The battery-powered lander would be targeted to Kraken Mare, one of two large methane seas discovered by Cassini at Titan’s high northern latitudes.
* Landed mass 85 kg, including 23 kg instrumentation
* Target: Kraken Mare (72°N)—floating capability
* Battery powered
* Lifetime: 6 hours descent and 3 hours on surface
* Delivery on 2nd Titan flyby—orbiter in close vicinity
Non sono escluse collaborazioni con JAXA o altre agenzie spaziali che permetterebbero di aggiungere nuovi elementi alle 2 missioni: la questione principale è se queste agenzie hanno il budget (le missioni nella parte esterna del sistema solare sono decisamente costose) e la volontà di partecipare.
In February 2008, ESA and NASA initiated joint studies of two alternatives for a highly capable scientific mission to the outer planets: the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) and the Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM). Joint Science Definition Teams (JSDTs) were formed with U.S. and European membership to guide study activities that were conducted collaboratively by engineering teams working on both sides of the Atlantic. The ESA contribution to this joint endeavor will be implemented as the Cosmic Vision Large-class (L1) mission; the NASA contribution will be implemented as the Outer Planet Flagship Mission with a launch date in 2020. The agencies plan to reach a joint decision on the destination for the mission and announce the decision in February 2009.
La scelta avverrà tra due proposte:
- Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) (http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/europajupitersystemmissionejsm/)
La missione prevede una coppia di sonde: Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) della NASA e Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter (JGO) dell'ESA che esploreranno in modo congiunto il sistema gioviano per poi entrare in orbita intorno rispettivamente a Europa e Ganimede.
JGO:
http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/images/jgocraft1.jpg
Mission Overview
JGO launches in March 2020 on an Ariane 5 and, using a ballistic trajectory with Venus-Earth-Earth gravity assists (VEEGA), arrives at Jupiter in February 2026. Jupiter Orbit Insertion (JOI) begins a 11 month Jupiter science phase followed by a 13 month Callisto science phase and Ganymede Orbit Insertion (GOI) in May 2028. At Ganymede, both elliptical and circular orbit science phases will last about 9 months. The orbiter will ultimately impact the surface of Ganymede after running out of orbit maintenance fuel. Highlights of the science phases include:
* JOI into 13 x 245 RJ (Jupiter radii) elliptical orbit
* Sequence of swing-by’s at Ganymede and Callisto Callisto Science Phase (383 days): 19 Callisto flybys at altitude of 200 km using 1:1 and 2:3 resonant orbits, allowing for (quasi) global surface coverage
* Ganymede Orbit Insertion (GOI) into 200 x 6000 km elliptical orbit
* Ganymede elliptical orbit science phase (up to 80 days)
* Maneuver to reach a low altitude (200 km), circular, quasi-polar orbit
* Ganymede circular orbit science phase up to 180 days
* End of nominal mission after about 8.9 years in February 2029
Flight System Overview
The JGO flight system is comparable in size and complexity to other spacecraft for similar missions such as Rosetta or Mars Express. The concept would feature full redundancy for engineering functions, 3-axis stabilized pointing, Solar power with batteries for peak power management, bi-propellant chemical propulsion, a large high gain antenna (HGA), and X-band transponders for tracking, telemetry and Ka-band precision Doppler measurements. Radiation shielding will be used to reduce radiation levels for electronic components and assemblies.
System Mass
* Launch Mass Capability, 4362 kg
* Launch Vehicle Adapter, 190 kg
* Flight System Mass (CBE), 957 kg
* Propellant (for 3000 m/s), 2562 kg
* Remaining usable launch mass, 653 kg
(for contingency and system margin)
JEO:
http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/images/jeoscraft.jpg
Mission Overview
JEO launches in February 2020 on an Atlas V 551 and, using a ballistic trajectory with Venus-Earth-Earth gravity assists (VEEGA), arrives at Jupiter in December 2025. Jupiter Orbit Insertion (JOI) begins a 30 month Jovian system tour followed by a 9 month science mapping phase after Europa Orbit Insertion (EOI) in July 2028. The orbiter will ultimately impact the surface of Europa after succumbing to radiation damage or running out of orbit maintenance fuel. Highlights of the Jovian tour and Europa mapping phase include:
- Jovian Tour
* 4 Io encounters, including a volcanic plume flythrough!
* 6 Europa encounters before EOI
* 6 Ganymede encounters, extensively exploring Ganymede’s magnetosphere
* 9 Callisto encounters, at least one near-polar
* Continuous magnetospheric monitoring, regular monitoring of Io and Jupiter’s atmosphere
- Europa Mapping
* Circular 200 km altitude orbit
o 95° – 100° inclination
o 2 – 4 pm local solar time
* Transfer to 100 km orbit ~one month after EOI
Flight System Overview
The JEO flight system is comparable in size and complexity to other spacecraft for similar missions such as Cassini or MRO. The concept would feature full redundancy for engineering functions, 3-axis stabilized pointing, a radio-isotope power source (RPS) with batteries for peak power management, bi-propellant chemical propulsion, a large gimbaled high gain antenna (HGA), and X-band and Ka-band transponders for tracking, telemetry and precision Doppler measurements. Radiation hardened electronics would be used throughout with shielding used to further reduce radiation levels for electronic components and assemblies. Remote sensing instruments are mounted and aligned to accommodate continuous nadir pointing in the Europa science orbit.
System Mass
* Launch Mass Capability, 5040 kg
* Launch Vehicle Adapter, 123 kg
* Flight System Mass, 1367 kg
* Propellant (for 2260 m/s), 2646 kg
* Remaining usable launch mass, 973 kg (for contingency and system margin)
- Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM) (http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/titansaturnsystemmissiontssm/)
http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/files/missiontimelin800.jpg
La missione prevede un' unica sonda realizzata dalla NASA a cui vanno ad aggiungersi una mongolfiera e un lander dedicati all'esplorazione di Titano. Dopo un tour di 2 anni del sistema di lune di Saturno la sonda entrerà in orbita intorno a Titano grazie ad un aereofrenata nella sua atmosfera.
TSSM Orbiter:
http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/images/orbiterlarge600.jpg
The orbiter is a three-axis-stabilized spacecraft. The flight system includes an articulated 4 meter high gain antenna using 35-watt RF Ka-band traveling-wave-tube amplifiers for high-rate science data downlink. Accommodation is provided for the two in situ elements (the montgolfière and the lake lander) at attach points along the body of the spacecraft. Five radisotope power systems (either advanced Stirling radioisotope generators or multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generators) would power the spacecraft, providing about 540 watts of electrical power at end of mission. The launch mass of the flight system, including the full ESA in situ payload and contingency, is 6187 kilograms with respect to the Atlas V 551 capability of 6259 kilograms to the required launch energy.
Montgolfiere In Situ Element:
http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/images/titan-balloon-scene-300.jpg
ESA will provide the montgolfière hot air balloon for exploration of Titan from a nominal altitude of 10,000 meters. Buoyancy would be provided by the thermal output of an integral multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator, enabling the montgolfière to circle the globe over the course of its mission, drifting with Titan’s winds to provide atmospheric and surface science data.
* Balloon: 10.5 m diameter (~130 kg); heating by MMRTG
* Balloon to be provided by CNES
* Gondola: 144 kg, incl. 21.5 kg instrumentation
* Power generation by MMRTG (100 Wel)
* Floating altitude 10 km; only altitude control
* Prime mission 6 months (+6 months extended)
* At least one Titan circumnavigation
Lander In Situ Element:
http://opfm.jpl.nasa.gov/images/titanlander-lake-scene-300.jpg
ESA will provide the lake lander which will capture detailed atmospheric measurements during descent and surface analysis while floating on a Titan lake. The battery-powered lander would be targeted to Kraken Mare, one of two large methane seas discovered by Cassini at Titan’s high northern latitudes.
* Landed mass 85 kg, including 23 kg instrumentation
* Target: Kraken Mare (72°N)—floating capability
* Battery powered
* Lifetime: 6 hours descent and 3 hours on surface
* Delivery on 2nd Titan flyby—orbiter in close vicinity
Non sono escluse collaborazioni con JAXA o altre agenzie spaziali che permetterebbero di aggiungere nuovi elementi alle 2 missioni: la questione principale è se queste agenzie hanno il budget (le missioni nella parte esterna del sistema solare sono decisamente costose) e la volontà di partecipare.